The Hidden Factor

Spontaneity is inherent in nature. It is often considered to be a living or paranormal phenomenon beyond the reaches of science. However, spontaneous decay of atoms or particles is well within the realm of science. Science has not as yet fully developed understanding of the fundamental phenomena behind the spontaneous decay of a mass, which is still considered a statistical event involving uncertainty. Scientific method has mostly focused its investigations only to the study of the behavior of the inanimate matter, which is non-spontaneous. However, science must realize that it is setting its own limits by pursuing a path that is bounded or constrained by inanimate matter alone. These limits are evidenced by the current singularities, irresolvable paradoxes and unexplainable observations that exist in modern science. Dark matter, black hole singularity, accelerated expansion of the universe, weirdness of quantum mechanics, non-locality or apparent unbounded speed of light, almost limitless vacuum energy, quantum gravity are just a few examples of such unresolved problems or paradoxes.

--While the classical scientific method has been considered to be widely successful in its material pursuits, it has run into immovable barriers prohibiting any further progress towards uncovering the ultimate universal reality. Past successes, in a way, have become barriers to the future advancement of science. The complexity, weirdness and irresolvable paradoxes of scientific theories will not go away, and may perhaps increase over time just as the entropy, so long as the inherent spontaneity in nature is not properly accounted for. Spontaneity is one of the fundamental, and perhaps the most dominant dimension of reality that can not be ignored if a theory of everything is ever to be achieved.

--Another property of nature inherent in these laws is the existing spontaneity that allows transformation from one form to another (for example, from mass to energy and vice-versa), such as observed in the wave-particle duality of light and quantum particles. According to these laws of conservation, what exists will always exist in one or the other form, which could vary in mass, energy, space and time.

--The approach described above has been employed in this work to formulate a Gravity Nullification model (GNM) that integrates modified specific theory of relativity, spontaneity (that allows free transformation of mass, energy, space and time according to the laws of conservation) and classical gravity into one simple model. Gravity Nullification Model (GNM) provides the missing physics in the specific theory of relativity to explain the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, space and time. Some fundamental assumptions in the Einstein’s specific theory of relativity are reinterpreted or modified to explain the existing paradoxes of science. GNM consists of a physical model that includes the effects of spontaneous decay of mass and phenomenon of wave-particle duality inherent in nature. Using this model a mathematical relationship is derived relating the wavelength, mass and velocity of a particle as a substitute for the famous de Broglie equation. Observed non-locality and apparent unlimited speed of light is also explained.

GNM is combined with the classical gravitation model and the modified specific theory of relativity to model the universe expansion. This model eliminates singularities in the existing Big Bang models of the universe, explains effects of gravity on the observed mass, dark matter/energy, flatness, accelerated expansion and connectivity (action at distance) in the universe. GNM provides a physical or mechanistic understanding for the existing shortcomings of the Big Bang Model such as the horizon problem (observed uniformity in the universe) and the Cosmological Constant problem without the need for the incredible inflation scenario. A mathematical expression is derived for the Cosmological Constant. Predictions of GNM are compared with the observations of galaxy rotational velocities, luminosity, creation of matter, structure formation and universe expansion etc. The concept of time is clarified with regard to the actual observed universe behavior versus the widely perceived history of the universe evolution predicted by the Big Bang model.

A physical understanding of the inner workings of quantum mechanics is developed using GNM. The Heisenberg’s uncertainty is revisited and reformulated using relativistic formulations of GNM. The basis for the Heisenberg’ uncertainty is shown to be dependent upon the relativistic properties of mass-energy-space-time rather than the widely assumed measurement problem of quantum mechanics. What causes a particle to behave as a quantum versus classical entity is explained by GNM leading to the physical derivations of the Planck’s scale mass, length and velocities. Paradoxes of quantum mechanics such as the observer paradox (the collapse of the wave-function, non-locality, quantum entanglement, formation and behavior of Bose-Einstein condensates, particle spin etc. are explained using GNM physical models. The theory of parallel universes widely accepted by scientists to explain the inner workings of quantum mechanics is explained in terms of the relativistic formulation of GNM. It is shown that the so-called parallel universes are not exactly parallel (having independent governing laws and parameters) but related to each other via universal laws of conservation of relativistic mass-energy-space-time.

Effects of gravity at quantum and classical scales have been evaluated using GNM, which shows that the widely accepted classical formulation of gravity is consistent with the observed gravitational effects at or below quantum scales. Phenomenon of black holes predicted by the general relativity is reevaluated using GNM indicating that a black hole singularity does not exist. A mathematical relationship is derived to predict the gravitational stability radius of a mass irrespective of its scale. A generalized mathematical expression is derived for the Cosmological Constant including the effects of mass and associated gravitational effects at quantum as well as large scales. Finally, the observed gravitational collapse phenomenon of the Bose-Einstein condensates at large atomic densities is explained using GNM.

The approach proposed in the current work involves some bold new concepts related to phenomena of spontaneity and relativity of mass-energy-space-time. The treatment and results of application of these new concepts are compared against observed behavior of the universe as well as laboratory experiments. The impact of these new concepts span over a wide range of physical phenomena such as gravitation, astronomy, cosmology, and low temperature super-fluidity etc. Because of its multi-disciplinary nature, the author considers this work as a preliminary proposal for review by the scientific community in their various fields of expertise. The author would welcome a serious review of the proposed concepts by the respective experts with a purpose to enhance the holistic understanding of the complex and yet unresolved questions in science. Because of the wide-ranging implications, both scientific and philosophical, the overall results of the work have been integrated in this book to enable a comprehensive and un-fragmented review by a wider community and range of experts. The hope is that this exercise would stimulate the thought process and creativity in resolving the existing paradoxes and in achieving the Theory of Everything.