Time Mass and the Universe

Many cosmologies, like Kipling’s Just So Stories, are wonderful constructs for children. As we mature so we learn more. This book is part of that process. This book is intended for the intelligent general reader of science who likes to keep abreast with modern ideas. But it contains new interpretations of previous data, proofs and novel insights that should, it is hoped, be of interest to  professional astronomers, astrophysicists and nuclear physicists as well as those interested in relativity theory, or physics in general.. Recently the ten greatest problems in modern science were listed by a well known and respected general science journal.  Two of those problems related to astronomy.  One was the question of dark matter and the other was the anomalous velocity of the Pioneer space probes. More recently still, the same journal pronounced that the greatest mystery of them all was the question of dark energy. In this book a solution to all three is described.  What was very unexpected was that the three problems were found to share the same solution.

Among this new information is an understanding of why the Hubble constant generated so much argument. The new information also resolves some astronomical paradoxes, such as why the globular clusters can appear older than the age of the galaxy, and why galaxies can get to be more than ten billion light years away and yet we are able to see their starlight.  It identifies the fuel source of gravitational energy, and also the fuel source and controlling mechanism of the expansion of the universe. It identifies and quantifies a fifth fundamental force of nature. A curious relationship between mass and time was uncovered. This relationship was found to underlie our very existence through its effect in the sun.  Above all else the book tackles the behaviour of time. All this has been derived from only current published astronomical data and the standard proven laws of physics together with Euclidean geometry. It resulted from looking at some of that data from a different perspective.

In fact this book arose from trying to plot out quantitatively the growth of the universe from use of the Hubble constant, that is the ratio between velocity and distance of any galaxy.  But it all did not make sense. There were several obvious paradoxes.  This led to questioning every component of the Hubble argument.  This in turn led to one simple unanswered question.  Has the duration or period of the second remained unchanged since the beginning of time?  What was the proof? But whilst working on the possible consequences if the period of the second was not invariant, new data emerged from NASA which provided the additional proof. In particular it was the data from the very distant supernovas that was so helpful. 

Perhaps the most surprising was a recent statement from NASA about two of its probes. Pioneers 1 and 2. Both were behaving oddly. NASA has been unable to account for this behaviour.   In fact this behaviour provided the final clinching proof for the discoveries described in this book. One of these discoveries predicted that particular behaviour to an accuracy that is at the level of the tenth place in decimals.  It was a Eureka moment.

Most people remember the story of Archimedes and how when getting into a very full bathtub he spilled the water. Lying back he began thinking of the complaints from his wife and the female staff, and wondering how much water he had spilled. It is obvious from contemporaneous Greek drama that in their society the women were a force to be reckoned with! It dawned on him that he had spilled a volume of water equal to his own volume.  This led him to solving the problem of finding if the king’s golden crown had been adulterated with lead.   The realisation that he had not only solved his immediate problem but that the solution had wide ranging repercussions and could help resolve any number of other related problems, this was his Eureka moment.  Everybody has his or her Eureka moments. Sometimes the discovery is unique to science, more often it is a common place discovery, almost banal, and well known to the rest of the world. But to the finder it is a very special moment of finding something, something that is new to him, that has wide-ranging possibilities and is sufficiently startling in its import for the occasion to be remembered. for the rest of the finder’s life.